Sunday, June 7, 2009

Computer crime

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Cybercrime)
Jump to: navigation, search
 This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (October 2008)
This article is missing citations or needs footnotes. Please help add inline citations to guard against copyright violations and factual inaccuracies. (October 2008)
Scales of justice
Criminal law
Part of the common law series
Elements
Actus reus · Mens rea
Causation · Concurrence
Scope of Criminal Liability
Complicity · Corporate · Vicarious
Inchoate offenses
Attempt · Conspiracy · Solicitation
Crimes against people
Assault · Battery
False imprisonment · Kidnapping
Mayhem · Sexual assault
Homicide Crimes
Murder · Felony murder
Manslaughter
Negligent homicide
Vehicular homicide
Crimes against property
Arson · Blackmail · Burglary
Embezzlement · Extortion
False pretenses · Larceny
Receiving stolen property
Robbery · Theft
Crimes against justice
Compounding · Misprision
Obstruction · Perjury
Malfeasance in office
Perverting the course of justice
Defenses to Liability
Defense of: (Self · Others · Property)
Consent · Diminished capacity
Duress · Entrapment · Ignorance
Infancy · Insanity · Intoxication
Justification · Mistake (Fact · Law)
Necessity · Provocation
Other common law areas
Contracts · Evidence · Property
Torts · Wills, trusts and estates
Portals
Criminal justice · Law
v • d • e

Computer crime, cybercrime, e-crime, hi-tech crime or electronic crime generally refers to criminal activity where a computer or network is the source, tool, target, or place of a crime. These categories are not exclusive and many activities can be characterized as falling in one or more. Additionally, although the terms computer crime and cybercrime are more properly restricted to describing criminal activity in which the computer or network is a necessary part of the crime, these terms are also sometimes used to include traditional crimes, such as fraud, theft, blackmail, forgery, and embezzlement, in which computers or networks are used. As the use of computers has grown, computer crime has become more important.

Computer crime can broadly be defined as criminal activity involving an information technology infrastructure, including illegal access (unauthorized access), illegal interception (by technical means of non-public transmissions of computer data to, from or within a computer system), data interference (unauthorized damaging, deletion, deterioration, alteration or suppression of computer data), systems interference (interfering with the functioning of a computer system by inputting, transmitting, damaging, deleting, deteriorating, altering or suppressing computer data), misuse of devices, forgery (ID theft), and electronic fraud.[1]

Computer crime issues have become high-profile, particularly those surrounding hacking, copyright infringement through warez, child pornography, and child grooming. There are also problems of privacy when confidential information is lost or intercepted, lawfully or otherwise.

Contents

[hide]

[edit] Generally

Computer crime encompass a broad range of potentially illegal activities. Generally, however, it may be divided into one of two types of categories: (1) crimes that target computer networks or devices directly; (2) crimes facilitated by computer networks or devices, the primary target of which is independent of the computer network or device.

Examples of crimes that primarily target computer networks or devices would include,

  • Malware and malicious code
  • Denial-of-service attacks
  • Computing viruses

Examples of crimes that merely use computer networks or devices would include,

  • Cyber stalking
  • Fraud and identity theft
  • Phishing scams
  • Information warfare

A common example is when a person starts to steal information from sites, or cause damage to, a computer or computer network. This can be entirely virtual in that the information only exists in digital form, and the damage, while real, has no physical consequence other than the machine ceases to function. In some legal systems, intangible property cannot be stolen and the damage must be visible, e.g. as resulting from a blow from a hammer. Where human-centric terminology is used for crimes relying on natural language skills and innate gullibility, definitions have to be modified to ensure that fraudulent behavior remains criminal no matter how it is committed.

A computer can be a source of evidence. Even though the computer is not directly used for criminal purposes, it is an excellent device for record keeping, particularly given the power to encrypt the data. If this evidence can be obtained and decrypted, it can be of great value to criminal investigators.

[edit] Specific computer crimes

[edit] Spam

Spam, or the unsolicited sending of bulk email for commercial purposes, is unlawful to varying degrees. As applied to email, specific anti-spam laws are relatively new, however limits on unsolicited electronic communications have existed in some forms for some time.[2]

[edit] Fraud

Computer fraud is any dishonest misrepresentation of fact intended to induce another to do or refrain from doing something which causes loss.[citation needed] In this context, the fraud will result in obtaining a benefit by:

  • altering computer input in an unauthorized way. This requires little technical expertise and is not an uncommon form of theft by employees altering the data before entry or entering false data, or by entering unauthorized instructions or using unauthorized processes;
  • altering, destroying, suppressing, or stealing output, usually to conceal unauthorized transactions: this is difficult to detect;
  • altering or deleting stored data; or
  • altering or misusing existing system tools or software packages, or altering or writing code for fraudulent purposes. This requires real programming skills and is not common.

Other forms of fraud may be facilitated using computer systems, including bank fraud, identity theft, extortion, and theft of classified information(Csonka, 2000)

[edit] Obscene or offensive content

The content of websites and other electronic communications may be distasteful, obscene or offensive for a variety of reasons. In some instances these communications may be illegal.

Many jurisdictions place limits on certain speech and ban racist, blasphemous, politically subversive, libelous or slanderous, seditious, or inflammatory material that tends to incite hate crimes.

The extent to which these communications are unlawful varies greatly between countries, and even within nations. It is a sensitive area in which the courts can become involved in arbitrating between groups with entrenched beliefs.

[edit] Harassment

Whereas content may be offensive in a non-specific way, harassment directs obscenities and derogatory comments at specific individuals focusing for example on gender, race, religion, nationality, sexual orientation. This often occurs in chat rooms, through newsgroups, and by sending hate e-mail to interested parties (see cyber bullying, harassment by computer, stalking, and cyberstalking). Any comment that may be found derogatory or offensive is considered harassment.

[edit] Drug trafficking

Drug traffickers are increasingly taking advantage of the Internet to sell their illegal substances through encrypted e-mail and other Internet Technology. Some drug traffickers arrange deals at internet cafes, use courier Web sites to track illegal packages of pills, and swap recipes for amphetamines in restricted-access chat rooms. The rise in Internet drug trades could also be attributed to the lack of face-to-face communication. These virtual exchanges allow more intimidated individuals to more comfortably purchase illegal drugs. The sketchy effects that are often associated with drug trades are severely minimized and the filtering process that comes with physical interaction fades away. Furthermore, traditional drug recipes were carefully kept secrets. But with modern computer technology, this information is now being made available to anyone with computer access.

[edit] Cyberterrorism

Government officials and IT security specialists have documented a significant increase in Internet problems and server scans since early 2001. There is a growing concern among federal officials[who?] that such intrusions are part of an organized effort by cyberterrorists, foreign intelligence services, or other groups to map potential security holes in critical systems. A cyberterrorist is someone who intimidates or coerces a government or organization to advance his or her political or social objectives by launching computer-based attack against computers, network, and the information stored on them.

Cyberterrorism in general, can be defined as an act of terrorism committed through the use of cyberspace or computer resources (Parker 1983). As such, a simple propaganda in the Internet, that there will be bomb attacks during the holidays can be considered cyberterrorism. At worst, cyberterrorists may use the Internet or computer resources to carry out an actual attack.

As well there are also hacking activities directed towards individuals, families, organised by groups within networks, tending to cause fear among people, demonstrate power, collecting information relevant for ruining peoples' lives, robberies, blackmailing etc.

[edit] Documented cases

  • The Yahoo! website was attacked at 10:30 PST on Monday, 7 February 2000. The attack lasted three hours. Yahoo was pinged at the rate of one gigabyte/second.
  • On 3 August 2000, Canadian federal prosecutors charged MafiaBoy with 54 counts of illegal access to computers, plus a total of ten counts of mischief to data for his attacks on Amazon.com, eBay, Dell Computer, Outlaw.net, and Yahoo. MafiaBoy had also attacked other websites, but prosecutors decided that a total of 66 counts was enough. MafiaBoy pleaded not guilty.
  • About fifty computers at Stanford University, and also computers at the University of California at Santa Barbara, were amongst the zombie computers sending pings in DDoS attacks.
  • In 26 March 1999, the Melissa worm infected a document on a victim's computer, then automatically sent that document and copy of the virus via e-mail to other people.

[edit] Applicable laws

Note: This list is illustrative and not exhaustive.

[edit] United States

  • Access Device Fraud. 18 U.S.C. § 1029. Fraud and related activity in connection with access devices.
  • CAN-SPAM ACT. 15 U.S.C. § 7704. Controlling The Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003.
  • Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act of 1998. 18 U.S.C. § 1028. Fraud and related activity in connection with identification documents, authentication features, and information.
  • No Electronic Theft ("NET") Act. 17 U.S.C. § 506. Criminal Offenses. (criminal copyright infringement)
  • Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (DMCA) . 17 U.S.C. § 1201. Circumvention of copyright protection systems.

[edit] Canada

[edit] United Kingdom

[edit] Australia

[edit] Malaysia

[edit] Pakistan

[edit] Singapore

[edit] Latin America

[edit] Venezuela

[edit] India

[edit] Others

[edit] External links

[edit] Government resources

[edit] See also

[edit] References

Balkin, J., Grimmelmann, J., Katz, E., Kozlovski, N., Wagman, S. & Zarsky, T. (2006) (eds) Cybercrime: Digital Cops in a Networked Environment, New York University Press, New York.

Brenner, S. (2007) Law in an Era of Smart Technology, Oxford: Oxford University Press

Csonka P. (2000) Internet Crime; the Draft council of Europe convention on cyber-crime: A response to the challenge of crime in the age of the internet? Computer Law & Security Report Vol.16 no.5.

Fafinski, S. (2009) Computer Misuse: Response, regulation and the law Cullompton: Willan

Grabosky, P. (2006) Electronic Crime, New Jersey: Prentice Hall

McQuade, S. (2006) Understanding and Managing Cybercrime, Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Parker D, Fighting Computer Crime, Charles Scribner’s Sons, United States (1983).

Pattavina, A. (ed) Information Technology and the Criminal Justice System, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

  • Paul Taylor (in ENGLISH). Hackers: Crime in the Digital Sublime (November 3, 1999 ed.). Routledge; 1 edition. pp. 200. ISBN 0415180724.

Walden, I. (2007) Computer Crimes and Digital Investigations, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Wall, D.S. (2007) Cybercrimes: The transformation of crime in the information age, Cambridge: Polity.

Williams, M. (2006) Virtually Criminal: Crime, Deviance and Regulation Online, Routledge, London.

Yar, M. (2006) Cybercrime and Society, London: Sage.


  1. ^ Paul Taylor (in ENGLISH). Hackers: Crime in the Digital Sublime (November 3, 1999 ed.). Routledge; 1 edition. pp. 200. ISBN 0415180724.
  2. ^ See, e.g., Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991, Do-Not-Call Implementation Act of 2003, CAN-SPAM Act of 2003.
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_crime"
Posted by at

No comments:

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)